Types of Hindi Alankar
अलंकार (Alankaar)
is a figure of speech which means ornaments or adornments. Just like the women
use ornaments to enhance her beauty, Alankar in Hindi language are used
essentially to enhance the beauty of a poem.
Alankar are broadly classified into
two groups, these are:
1. शब्दालंकार (Shabdalankar, it came from two word Shabdh (Word) +
Alankara (Ornaments)) – Certain specific words that create an ornamental effect
in a verse/poem.
2. अर्थालंकार (Arthalankar it came from two word Artha (Meaning) +
Alankar (Ornaments)) – The meaning of words that creates the required
enhancement.
Most common शब्दालंकार (Shabdalankar) that
you might find in the Hindi poetry are:
1. अनुप्रास (Anupras) (Alliteration) -
When a consonant word repeats serially more than once.
Example:
Example: घेर घेर घोर गगन।.
Here, “घ” is repeated three times.
2. यमक (Yamak) (Homonym)
– when same word repeats more than once but each time its meaning is different.
Example: सजना है मुझे सजना
के लिए। Here, “सजना”
means to make up/lover.
3. श्लेष (Shlesh) (Pun)
– when a word is used once but it gives more than one meaning.
Example: मधुबन की छाती को देखो, सूखी इसकी कितनी कलियाँ। Here, “कलियाँ” means the flower that is not fully blossomed/Young children. Poet wants to describe a scene where a “मधुबन” (garden) is lacking, both in blossoming flowers and young children.
Example: मधुबन की छाती को देखो, सूखी इसकी कितनी कलियाँ। Here, “कलियाँ” means the flower that is not fully blossomed/Young children. Poet wants to describe a scene where a “मधुबन” (garden) is lacking, both in blossoming flowers and young children.
Most common अर्थालंकार (Arthalankar) that
you might find in the Hindi poetry are:
1. उपमा (Upma) (Simile)
– when a person or thing is compared in words with a similar but famous/well
known person or thing. Example: ताज महल सा घर। House
like the Taj Mahal. Here, “घर” (house) is compared with a
building which is famous for its beauty.
2. रूपक (Rupak) (Metaphor)
– when a word is used for something to which it is not literally applicable in
order to suggest a resemblance. Example: पायो जी मैंने राम-रतन धन पायो। Here, “राम” (Ram, Hindu god) is suggested
metaphorically as “रतन” (precious stones) and “धन”
(money) .
3. अतिश्योक्ति (Atishyokti) (Hyperbole)
– when a word is used of exaggerate something or someone, to evoke a strong
feelings or to create a strong impression.
Example:
Example: दिल बादल बने, आँखें बहेने लगी। Here, “दिल” (heart) is exaggerated to “बादल”
(cloud). The dramatic effect of this exaggeration would be, आँखें (eyes)
that can tear as rain because the heart has turned into clouds (in pain).1. ANUPRAAS ALANKAAR (alliteration)-
Jaha vyanjano (speech sound) ki aavrutti hoti hain, vaha Anupraas alankaar hota hain.
Ex-Chaaru chandra ki chanchal kirane khel rahi hain jal thal main.
2. YAMAK ALANKAAR-
Jaha ek hi shabd ki aavrutti baar-baar hoti hain kintu unka arth alag-alag hota hian. vahaa Yamak alankaar hota hain.
Ex-Kaali ghata ka ghamand ghata. (ghata-baadlo ka jamghat, kum hua)
3. SHLESH ALANKAAR-
Ek hi shabd ke ek se adhik arth hote hain.
Ex- Subaran ko dhundhat firat kavi, vyabhchaari, chor. (Subaran-achche akshar, sundar stri, sona)
ARTHAALANKAAR
1. UPMA ALANKAAR (simile)- Jab kisi vyakati ya vastu ki visheshta darshaane ke liye uski samaanta kisi aur vyakati ya vastu se ki jaaye, naha Upma alankaar hota hain.
Ex-Peepar paat saris man dola.(peepal ke patte ke samaan man dola.)
2. ROOPAK ALANKAAR (metaphor)-
Ex- Jalta hain yah jeeva-patang! (Jeevan ko patang ke samaan nahi balki ek patang bataaya gaya hain.)
3. UTPREKSHA ALANKAAR-
4. MAANVIKARAN (personification)-
Ex- Megh aaye bade bun-thun ke savar ke!
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